Class notes

1. Names of large numbers

thousand: 1,000

milliom: 1,000,000

billion: 1,000,000,000

trillion: 1,000,000,000,000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers

 

2. 20-50 club

(with the population surpassing 50 million and maintaining per capita income of US$20,000)

S. Korea joining '20-50 club' marks new chapter in development history: gov't

"South Korea is the seventh country to meet the two criteria, and the first country that was not a industrialized economy before World War 2 to achieve this," the ministry in charge of the country's economic policies said.

Japan was the first to meet the standard in 1987, followed immediately by the United States in 1988, with France and Italy making the list in 1990. Germany joined in 1991 with Britain being included in 1996.

http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2012/06/23/56/0302000000AEN20120623001200320F.HTML

 

3. Developed country

A developed country, industrialized country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living.^[1] More recently another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines an economic measure, national income, with other measures, indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate.

As of 2015, advanced economies comprise 60.8% of global GDP based on nominal values and 42.9% of global GDP based on purchasing-power parity (PPP) according to the International Monetary Fund.^[2] In 2015, the ten largest advanced economies by GDP in both nominal and PPP terms were Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.^[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country

 

4. Developing country

A developing country, also called a less developed country or underdeveloped country, is a nation with a less developed industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.^[1] On the other hand, since the late 1990s developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than the developed ones.^[2] There is no universal, agreed-upon criterion for what makes a country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two categories,^[3] although there are general reference points such as a nation's GDP per capita compared to other nations.

Various terms are used for whatever is not a developed country. Terms used include less developed country or less economically developed country, and for the more extreme, least developed country or least economically developed country.

Criteria for what is not a developed country can be obtained by inverting the factors that define a developed country:

• people have lower life expectancy
• people have less education
• people have less money (income)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country

 

5. Achilles' heel

An Achilles' heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can actually or potentially lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.

Origin

In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx, which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water. But as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. But one day, a poisonous arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him shortly afterwards.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles%27_heel

 

6. Apple of Discord

An apple of discord is a reference to the Golden Apple of Discord (Greek: μῆλον τῆς Ἔριδος) which, according to Greek mythology, the goddess Eris (Gr. Ἔρις, "Strife") tossed in the midst of the feast of the gods at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis as a prize of beauty, thus sparking a vanity-fueled dispute among Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite that eventually led to the Trojan War^[1] (for the complete story, see The Judgement of Paris). Thus, "apple of discord" is used to signify the core, kernel, or crux of an argument, or a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute.^[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_Discord

 

7. Eris (mythology)

Eris (/ˈɪərɪs, ˈɛrɪs/; Greek: Ἔρις, "Strife")^[1] is the Greek goddess of chaos, strife, and discord. Her name is the equivalent of Latin Discordia, which means "discord". Eris' Greek opposite is Harmonia, whose Latin counterpart is Concordia. Homer equated her with the war-goddess Enyo, whose Roman counterpart is Bellona. The dwarf planet Eris is named after the goddess, as is the religion Discordianism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(mythology)

 

8. Iris (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Iris (/ˈaɪrᵻs/; Greek: Ἶρις)^[1] is the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. She is also known as one of the goddesses of the sea and the sky. Iris links the gods to humanity. She travels with the speed of wind from one end of the world to the other,^[2] and into the depths of the sea and the underworld.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(mythology)

 

9. Newspapers in the United States

Newspapers in the United States have been published since the 18th century and are an integral part of the culture of the United States. Although a few exceptional newspapers such as the New York Times, USA Today, and the Wall Street Journal are sold throughout the United States, most U.S. newspapers are published for city or regional markets. The New York Times is often referred to as the United States' "newspaper of record".^[1]

List of newspapers in the United States: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States

The Wall Street Journal: http://www.wsj.com/asia

The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/?WT.z_jog=1&hF=t&vS=undefined

USA Today: http://www.usatoday.com/

The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/

※ List of newspapers in the world by circulation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_world_by_circulation

 

Etymology

1. pro-: many, much, in favor of

• prolific, profit, pro-lifer

2. nov: new

• novice, innovate, renovate

3. para-: beside

• parallel, parasite, paraphrase

4. philo-: loving

• pfilosophy, philanthropist, philatelist

5. anthropo-: man, human being

• philanthropist, anthropoid, anthropology

 

Vocabulary journal

1. accordingly  (adv.)  [əˋkɔrdɪŋlɪ]

• Definition: in a proper or appropriate way; in a way that suits the facts, needs, or requirements of a situation; as a result
• e.g. He knew his limitations and acted accordingly. / He was too sick to stay. Accordingly, we sent him home.
• Etymology: ad-: to    e.g. accede, adduce, accelerate

                     cord: melody    e.g. discord, clavichord, harpsichord

• － accord, according, accordance, accordable, accordant

2. conventional  (adj.)  [kənˋvɛnʃən!]

• Definition: used and accepted by most people; of a kind that has been around for a long time and is considered to be usual or typical; common and ordinary
• e.g. Good morning is a conventional greeting. / I wish you weren't so conventional in the clothes you wear.
• Etymology: con-/com-: together    e.g. conduce, compile, converge

                     venire: to come    e.g. intervene, souvenir, supervene

• － convention, conventionally, conventionalize, conventionality

3. devoted  (adj.)  [dɪˋvotɪd]

• Definition: having strong love or loyalty for something or someone; containing or dealing with one particular thing; very enthusiastic about something
• e.g. He was still devoted to the study of chemistry. / Mrs. Jones had a very devoted husband.
• Etymology: de-: down, away    e.g. defer, deposit, decease
• － devote, devotion. devotional, devotionally

4. durable  (adj.)  [ˋdjʊrəb!]

• Definition: staying strong and in good condition over a long period of time
• e.g. This raincoat is made of very durable material.
• Etymology: durare: to last, harden    e.g. dour, indurate, perdurable

5. end user

• Definition: the ultimate consumer of a finished product
• e.g. Programmers should always keep the end user in mind when designing a new piece of software.

6. enterprising  (adj.)  [ˋɛntɚ͵praɪzɪŋ]

• Definition: having or showing the ability or desire to do new and difficult things; marked by an independent energetic spirit and by readiness to act
• e.g. As an enterprising young reporter, she covered many important stories.
• － enterprise

7. household name

• Definition: a person or thing whose name is very well-known
• e.g. The product was so successful that its name became a household name.

8. in debt

• Definition: owing money
• e.g. His gambling losses put him deeply in debt.

9. install  (v.)  [ɪnˋstɔl]

• Definition: to make (a machine, a service, etc.) ready to be used in a certain place; to put (someone) in an official or important job; to cause (someone) to be or stay in a particular place
• e.g. He has been installed in his new office. / He's going to install an air-conditioner in the house.
• Etymology: in-: in,into    e.g. imperative, ingratiate, inflame
• － installation

10. nutritious  (adj.)  [njuˋtrɪʃəs]

• Definition: having substances that a person or animal needs to be healthy and grow properly; promoting good health and growth
• e.g. The food was both nutritious and delicious.
• － nutrition, nutritional, nutritionally, nutritive

11. plug in

• Definition: to establish an electric circuit by inserting a plug
• e.g. Will you plug in the tape recorder for me?

12. transmit  (v.)  [trænsˋmɪt]

• Definition: to send (information, sound, etc.) in the form of electrical signals to a radio, television, computer, etc.; to give or pass (information, values, etc.) from one person to another; to cause (a virus, disease, etc.) to be given to others
• e.g. I will transmit the money by special messenger. / The disease is transmitted by sexual contact. / The technology allows data to be transmitted by cellular phones.
• Etymology: trans-: across    e.g. transect, transect, transverse

                     mittere: to send    e.g. missile, demit, premise

• － transmissible, transmission, transmissive

13. run by

• Definition: to tell someone your ideas so that they can give you their opinion; used for asking someone to repeat what they have just said
• e.g. Can I run a few ideas by you? / I didn't hear you. Please run that by me again.

14. sole  (n.) (v.) (adj.)  [sol]

• Definition: the undersurface of a foot; the usually flat or flattened bottom or lower part of something or the base on which something rests; to put a new sole on (a shoe, boot, etc.); only or single; belonging only to the person or group specified
• e.g. There was a hole in the sole of his shoe. / Get your shoes heeled and soled here. / She was the sole survivor of the tragedy. / He has sole jurisdiction of the area.
• － solely

15. strike a deal

• Definition: to come to an agreement
• e.g. The two sides finally struck a deal after weeks of negotiations.

16. backpacking  (n.)  [ˋbæk͵pækɪŋ]

• Definition: the activity of travelling around an area without spending much money, often on foot and carrying a backpack
• e.g.This is a travel blog with backpacking advice for independent budget travelers.
• － backpack

17. cave  (v.) (n.)  [kev]

• Definition: a large hole that was formed by natural processes in the side of a cliff or hill or under the ground; to form a cave in or under; to fall or cause to fall in or down
• e.g. Our forefathers once lived in caves. / The top of the car was caved in by the impact. / Our cellar caved during the earthquake.

18. charitable  (adj.)  [ˋtʃærətəb!]

• Definition: done or designed to help people who are poor, sick, etc.; showing kindness in talking about or judging other people; of or relating to charity
• e.g. She makes a charitable donation every year. / Half of the class has a chance at passing the test, and that is a charitable estimate.
• － charity. charitably,

19. coup  (n.)  [ku]

• Definition: an impressive victory or achievement that usually is difficult or unexpected
• e.g. It was a major coup when they got the Vice President to appear on their show for an interview.

20. daring  (adj.) (n.)  [ˋdɛrɪŋ]

• Definition: willing to do dangerous or difficult things; showing a lack of fear; the quality of being willing to do dangerous or difficult things: courage or fearlessness
• e.g. She's a daring innovator in the field of biotechnology. / Skydiving requires both skill and daring.
• － dare, daringly

21. disclose  (v.)  [dɪsˋkloz]

• Definition: to make (something) known to the public; to expose to view
• e.g. The lifting of the curtain disclosed a pretty house standing by the riverside. / This letter disclosed his secret.
• Etymology: dis-: opposite of    e.g. discover, dishoner, disappear
• － disclosure

22. entertain  (v.)  [͵ɛntɚˋten]

• Definition: to have people as guests in your home or in a public place (such as a restaurant); to perform for (an audience) : to provide amusement for (someone) by singing, acting, etc.; to provide or be entertainment for (someone); to keep, hold, or maintain in the mind; to receive and take into consideration
• e.g. They like to entertain their friends at their summer home. / I have never entertained any illusions about him.
• Etymology: entre-/inter-: among    e.g. entrails, enter, interpolate

                     tenir: to hold    e.g. tenable, tenure, tenant

• － entertainment, entertaining, entertainingly

23. filter  (v.) (n.)  [ˋfɪltɚ]

• Definition: a device that is used to remove something unwanted from a liquid or gas that passes through it; a device that prevents some kinds of light, sound, electronic noises, etc., from passing through; to pass (something, such as a gas or liquid) through a filter to remove something unwanted; to move through or into something in small amounts or in a gradual way
• e.g. Sunlight filtered through the leaves. / The crowd filtered into the arena. / This is a coffee filter. / News of the defeat filtered through.
• － filterable

24. insecticide  (n.)  [ɪnˋsɛktə͵saɪd]

• Definition: a chemical substance that is used to kill insects
• e.g. The pad is impregnated with insecticide.
• Etymology: -cide: killer    e.g. patricide, pesticide, matricide

25. refugee  (n.)  [͵rɛfjʊˋdʒi]

• Definition: someone who has been forced to leave a country because of war or for religious or political reasons
• e.g. Thousands of refugees have fled the area.
• Etymology: re-: back    e.g. refulgent, retreat, revert

                    fugere: to flee    e.g. fugacious, subterfuge, lucifugous

• － refuge